HPUX elm[1]
elm in anderen Kapiteln des hpux Handbuch:
elm(1) elm(1)
NAME
elm - process mail through screen-oriented interface
SYNOPSIS
elm [-akKmz] [-f folder]
elm [-s subject] address-list
elm -h
DESCRIPTION
elm is a screen-oriented electronic mail processing system. In
interactive use, the main header index and mini-menu of commands are
displayed upon initial invocation and at any point when the program is
waiting for input.
There are three main ways to use elm:
o Explicitly send a single message by invoking elm with a list
of mail addresses; elm then prompts for the subject, message
body, and so on.
o Conveniently send files or the output of commands via command
line redirection.
o Use elm as an interactive mail interface program (see
EXAMPLES).
Options
The following options are recognized:
-a Arrow - force the arrow cursor (instead of the
inverse bar).
-f folder File - read specified folder file rather than the
incoming mailbox.
-h Help - give a list of starting options.
-k Softkeys off - disable use of softkeys (function
keys).
-K Keypad and softkeys off - disable use of softkeys and
arrow cursor keys. If your terminal does not have HP
2622 function key protocols, this option is required.
-m Menu off - Use the extra lines for more message
headers.
-s subject Subject - specify subject for message being sent.
-z Zero - do not enter elm if no mail is pending.
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INTERACTIVE (Command Mode) OPERATION
When elm is invoked without an address-list, it activates an
interactive screen-oriented interface and enters command mode. In
command mode, elm executes each user command on the message
corresponding to the current message pointer (an inverse-video bar or
arrow). Some commands can also operate on ``tagged'' messages. To
execute a command, use the j and k keys to move the pointer to the
appropriate message, then type the character for the desired command
(Commands are discussed later in this entry).
Message Status
The header index list always displays the status of each message. The
status field is composed of three separate character fields, the first
of which indicates temporary status:
D Indicates a deleted message.
E Identifies an expired message. This flag is set
according to the header field Expires:. If the date
of this field is older than the today, this flag
appears. elm accepts the following date formats:
o Mon, 11 Jun 90
o Jun 11, 90
o 11 Jun, 90
o 900611HHMMZ (ISO X.400 format)
N Identifies a new message.
The second character field indicates permanent status:
C For confidential mail. If Sensitivity: 3 of the
user-defined header field is attached, this can
appear and the message is considered company
confidential, as specified by the ISO X.400 standard.
U For urgent mail. This flag is set if the message
contains a Priority: header field.
P For private mail. This flag is also associated with
the Sensitivity: header field and is set if the
header field contains Sensitivity: 2.
A For messages that have an explicit action associated
with them through inclusion of the Action: header
field.
F For a form letter.
When a message has more than one status flag of a particular type set,
the highest-precedence indicator is displayed on the index page. For
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example, if a form letter is also marked as company confidential, the
C rather than the F status character is displayed.
A + in the third status-character field indicates that the message is
tagged (see Commands later in this entry)
Sending Messages
When sending a message, elm uses the editor specified in your
.elm/elmrc file (see CUSTOMIZATION), the editor listed as $EDITOR in
your environment, or vi as a default if neither is defined. If
builtin is specified as your editor, a large set of commands is
available while composing your message (see Tilde Escapes).
If the file $HOME/.elm/elmheaders exists, elm automatically reads in
the contents of the file and adds it to the headers of all outbound
mail (useful for adding an Organization: field, Phone: field, etc).
elm also supports the use of backquotes in the elmheaders file, so an
entry of the form:
Operating System: `uname -srv`
can be used. Lines in the elmheaders file should contain a header
string, followed by a colon, followed by a contents string.
Aliases
elm has its own alias system that supports both personal and system-
wide aliases. Personal aliases are specific to a single user; system
aliases are available to everyone on the system where the alias
resides (see elmalias(1)). To enter the elm alias mode, use the A or
a (alias) command at the main command prompt. You can then create and
save an alias for the current message, check personal and system-wide
aliases, and access other options (see Alias Commands).
When invoked, elm reads customized variables from file
$HOME/.elm/elmrc (if it exists) to initialize parameters. This file
can be saved from within elm and some of these variables can also be
modified by the O or o (option) command (see CUSTOMIZATION).
FORMS MODE
One feature that is unique to elm is the ability to compose and reply
to form letters and other types of forms.
To create a form message, first enable forms mode by adding forms=ON
to file $HOME/.elm/elmrc (see CUSTOMIZATION). Also set the userlevel
to intermediate (level 1) or advanced (level 2). This can be done
either in the elmrc file or via the options command. As you compose
the message, each field to be filled in by recipient should have a
colon (:) followed by either the number of spaces allowed for the
field, or a newline which indicates fields through the end of the
line. Additionally, if a colon appears on a line by itself, the
recipient is prompted for multi-line input. After the message has
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been created, select the make form option before sending the message.
Upon receipt of a form message, the user can reply (but not group
reply), at which time elm prompts the user for each field, with any
text present between the fields displayed as appropriate.
Here is an example of a simple form message:
----
On-Line Phone and Address Database
Please fill out and return as
Name:
Manager:
Department: Division:
Your home address
...
home phone number:
Thank you for your cooperation.
----
MAILER COMMANDS
elm recognizes the following keyboard commands:
? Help. Press ? once to enter explain key mode
where pressing any key produces a one-line
description of what the key does. Press ? again
to obtain a summary listing for each command
available. To return to the main menu level,
press ESC or type a period (.).
! Shell Escape. Used to send a command to the shell
without leaving elm.
| Pipe. Pipes the current message or the set of
tagged messages through other filters as desired.
The shell used for the entire command is either
the one specified in file .elm/elmrc if it exists,
or /bin/sh otherwise.
+ Next index page. Displays the next header index
page, when applicable.
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- Previous index page. Displays previous header
index page, if applicable.
= Set current to 1. Sets current message pointer to
first message.
* Set current to last. Sets current message pointer
to last message.
$ Resync. You can decide whether or not to actually
delete messages previously marked for deletion
without quitting elm.
/pattern Pattern match. On the top level, this command
allows you to search through all the from and
subject lines of the current mailbox. If the
first character of pattern is also a /, elm tries
to match pattern against any line in the mailbox.
Both searches treat uppercase and lowercase as
equivalent.
n Specify new current message. Typing the message
number causes elm to produce the prompt Set
current to: n, where n is the message number
typed. Note that changing the current message to
a message not on the current page of headers
results in a new page being displayed.
Return Read current message. When the Return key is
pressed, the screen is cleared and the current
message is displayed by the pager specified by the
user environment variable $PAGER, by pager in file
.elm/elmrc, or the system default (see
CUSTOMIZATION).
< Scan message for calendar entries. A rather novel
feature of the elm mailer is its ability to
automatically incorporate calendar or agenda
information from a mail message into the user's
calendar file. This is done quite simply; any
message that contains the pattern
-> calendar entry
or
- multi-line
- calendar entry
is automatically added to the user's calendar file
after stripping the -> or - if the < command is
used (see CUSTOMIZATION).
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a Alias. The alias command is a means by which more
complex mail addresses can be shortened for the
mail user. In alias mode, it provides the a
command for creating an alias for the current
message, p for checking an alias, e for checking
an alias with full expanded addresses, s for
checking system aliases, u for checking user
aliases, m for making a new alias, and d for
deleting an alias (see also Alias Commands).
b Bounce mail. This ``remails'' mail to someone
else in such a way as to make the return address
the original sender rather than you (as opposed to
the forward command, which makes the return
address you rather than the original sender).
c Change mailbox. This command is used to change
the mailbox file that is currently being read. As
with the save command, this command expands
filenames with ~ being your home directory and =
being your maildir directory, if defined (see
CUSTOMIZATION). This command also recognizes the
special character ! which can be used to change
the default incoming mailbox.
d, u Delete and Undelete. Neither of these commands
has any prompt. Action is indicated by either
adding a D to the current message index entry
(indicating deletion pending) or removing the D
(indicating that the message is not marked for
deletion).
Ctrl-D This command marks all messages that contain a
specific from or subject pattern for deletion.
When Ctrl-D is pressed, elm prompts for the string
to match in either the from or subject line of
each message).
Ctrl-U This is the direct opposite Ctrl-D. This command
removes any mark for deletion from all messages
that match the specified pattern.
f Forward. This command is used to forward the
current message to another person. The message is
copied into the edit buffer where you can add your
own message before sending if you desire to do so
(also see bounce above).
g Group reply. Identical to reply below, except
that the response is mailed to all recipients of
the original message (see CUSTOMIZATION
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alternatives)
h Same as Return, except that the message is
displayed with all headers.
j, k Similar to j and k commands in vi and other
screen-oriented programs. j key moves the current
message pointer down to the next message; k key
moves the message pointer to the previous message.
Uppercase J and K behave in the same manner as
their lowercase counterparts, even when the
skipdeleted option is ON (see CUSTOMIZATION).
l (ell) Limit. This specifies a subset of the
existing messages to be dealt with. It is valid
for subject, from, and to fields. To set the
criteria, type "subject string", "from string", or
"to string". To clear all the criteria and
restore the normal display, type
Ctrl-L Rewrite the screen. If the screen is confused,
you can redraw screen with this command (same as
in vi editor).
m Mail. Send mail to a specified user.
n Next message. Advances pointer to next message,
clears the screen, and displays the message (see
also Return).
o Options. Used to alter the settings of a number
of option values (see CUSTOMIZATION).
p Print. Used to print out the current message or
the tagged messages to a previously defined
printing method print (see CUSTOMIZATION).
q Quit. Gracefully terminate elm and perform
message cleanup according to defined personal
preference. You can choose to keep undeleted mail
in the incoming mailbox or move it to an mbox file
specified by maildir in file $HOME/.elm/elmrc.
You can also decide whether or not to actually
delete messages previously marked for deletion
(see CUSTOMIZATION).
Ctrl-Q or DEL Exit (abort). Same as x. Aborts elm immediately
without any changing the mailbox.
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r Reply. Reply to the author of the current
message. If autocopy is not specified (see
CUSTOMIZATION), you can specify whether or not a
copy of the source message is to be copied into
the edit buffer. If copied in, all lines from the
message are preceded by the prefix character
sequence defined as prefix (see CUSTOMIZATION).
s Save to file. This command copies the current
message or set of tagged messages into a user-
specified file or folder. After saving a file,
each message is marked for deletion and, if saving
just one message, the current message pointer is
incremented.
t Tag. Tag the current message for operation |, p,
or s. Use of this command on a tagged message
removes the tag.
Ctrl-T Tag all messages containing the specified pattern.
Since tagging messages can occur on screens other
than the one being viewed, elm first checks to see
if any messages are currently tagged and asks if
the tags should be removed. After that, it ,
similar to Ctrl-D, sets criteria (see Ctrl-D).
x Exit. This is the quickest way to exit elm
without changing the mailbox.
Tilde Escapes
Tilde escape sequences are used to alter current or previously defined
elm behavior:
~? Print a brief help menu.
~b Change the Blind-Carbon-Copy list.
~c Change the Carbon-Copy list.
~e Invoke the editor specified by the $EDITOR
environment variable on the message, if possible.
~f options Add the specified list of messages or the current
message. This uses readmail which means that all
readmail options are available (see readmail(1)).
~h Change all the available headers (To, Cc, Bcc, and
Subject)
~m options Same as ~f, but with the current prefix.
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~o Invoke a user specified editor on the message.
~p print out the message as typed in so far.
~r filename Include (read in) the contents of the specified
file.
~s Change the Subject line.
~t Change the To list.
~v Invoke $VISUAL in your environment on the message
if possible.
~< command Execute the specified shell command, entering the
output of the command into the editor buffer upon
completion (for example ~< who includes the output
of the who command in your message)
~! command Execute a shell command if one is given (as in
~!ls) or give you a shell (either your shell
setting as a shell (see CUSTOMIZATION) or $SHELL
in your environment).
~~ Add a line prefixed by a single ~ character.
Alias Commands
The following alias commands are used to manipulate user-defined mail
aliases:
a Alias current message. This allows you to create
an alias that has the return address of the
current message as the address field of the alias.
It prompts for a unique alias name.
d Delete user alias. This prompts for alias name to
be deleted. The alias is deleted from your
alias_text file ($HOME/.elm/aliases.text).
e Check personal alias with full expanded addresses.
This is the same as p, except that this key fully
expands aliases in the list of addresses.
m Make user alias. elm prompts for a unique alias
name, then for an address. The information
provided is added to your individual alias_text
file ($HOME/.elm/aliases.text), then added to the
database.
p Check personal alias. This is a simple way of
checking what is in the alias database. It
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prompts for an alias name, and returns the address
or the list of addresses associated with that name
or the error message alias not found as
appropriate.
s Check system aliases. This is for checking what
aliases are currently installed as system aliases.
This command lists all current system aliases.
u List user aliases. This is for checking what
aliases are currently installed as user aliases.
This command lists all current user aliases.
r Return. Return to the main level of elm program.
CUSTOMIZATION
Like many HP-UX programs, elm supports automatic configuration by
means of an rc file. The file must be named $HOME/.elm/elmrc and can
contain any combination of the string, numeric, and boolean variables
described below. If directory $HOME/.elm does not exist, elm asks
whether you want to create it or not. If the answer is yes, elm
creates $HOME/.elm automatically.
String Variables
alternatives This string lists other machine and user name
combinations that you receive forwarded mail from.
elm uses this information when a group reply is
being processed to ensure that a reply message is
not sent to a user and/or machine address that
would simply forward the reply message back to the
originator. No default.
calendar Name of calendar file. This is used in
conjunction with the < command which scans
messages for calendar entries. Default is
$HOME/calendar.
editor Specifies which editor to use when creating new
mail. Choices also include none or builtin for
the built-in editor. The built-in editor is
available for all mail that does not already have
text in the buffer (in replying, mailing with a
signature, etc). Default is the editor defined by
the current environment variable $EDITOR, or vi if
$EDITOR is not defined.
escape Escape character used in built-in editor. Default
is tilde (~).
fullname This is the name the mailer will use when sending
mail from you. Default is the "gecos" field from
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the /etc/passwd file.
mailbox This is where to put incoming mail after you've
read it. When you answer no (n) to the keep
messages in incoming mailbox? prompt, this is
where the messages go. Default is $HOME/mbox.
maildir This is the default mail directory, and is used to
expand filenames in elm when specified using the =
metacharacter. For example, if you save to file
=/archive, the = is expanded to the current value
of maildir. Default is $HOME/Mail. If the
directory specified by maildir does not exist, elm
asks whether you want to create it or not. If the
answer is yes, elm creates the specified directory
automatically, setting access permissions mode to
700.
pager This defines the program to be used to display
each message. This can be changed while within
the elm program by selecting the appropriate entry
in the Option Menu. Default is builtin.
prefix Value of prefix for included line. When you reply
to a message or forward a message to another
person, you can optionally include the original
message. This prefix indicates the included line.
Default is > followed by a space character.
print The command to run when p)rintcommandisexecuted.
This indicates how to print out a message. There
are two possible formats for this string, either a
command that can have a filename affixed to it (as
a suffix) then sent to the system for execution,
or a string that contains the meta-sequence %s
which will be replaced by the name of the message
file and also sent to the shell. Default is pr %s
| lp.
savemail This is where outgoing mail will have a copy
silently saved. This will only be used if the
copy flag is turned on. Also note that if the
savename feature is enabled, this filename may be
ignored since the program first looks for a
mailbox that has the same name as the login of the
person you are sending to, using that instead if
found. Default is $HOME/mbox.
shell This defines the shell to use when doing ! escapes
and such. Default is $SHELL in your current
environment.
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signature This file, if defined, will be automatically
appended to all outbound mail before the editor is
invoked. Furthermore, if you'd like a different
"signature" file for local mail and remote mail
(remote being via other hosts), you can
alternatively define two variables, localsignature
and remotesignature, to have the same
functionality. No default.
sortby When reading mailboxes, either incoming or
specified, you can have them sorted by any number
of different ways. This can be changed without
leaving elm by changing the S)ortingcriteriafield
in o)ption mode, but it can also be predefined to
any of from, sent, received, subject, lines, or
status. Each of these fields can also optionally
be prefixed with the sequence reverse- to reverse
the order of the sort. Default is received.
weedout When specifying this option, you can then list
headers that you don't want to see when you are
reading mail. This is effective with weed is ON.
This list can continue for as many lines as
desired, as long as the continued lines all have
leading indentation. Default is >From, In-Reply-
To:, References:, Newsgroups:, Received:,
Apparently-To:, Message-Id:, Content-Type:, From,
and Mailer:.
Numeric Variables
timeout This is the interval, in seconds, between
resynchronizing. elm internally resynchronizes
every timeout seconds. Default is 600 seconds (10
minutes).
userlevel elm uses this value to determine the relative
level of user's sophistication. Acceptable values
are 0 for new users (default), 1 for moderately
experienced elm users, and 2 for experts.
Boolean Variables
alwaysdelete When set, this changes the default answer of the
prompt Delete messages? to the indicated value.
Default is ON for YES.
alwaysleave This changes the default answer on the keep mail
in incoming mailbox? prompt to the value
indicated. Default is ON for YES.
arrow This is identical in function to the -a command
line option. Default is OFF.
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ask This is used to tell elm that you would rather not
be asked Delete message? and such each time you
leave the program, and instead elm should just use
the values of alwaysdelete and alwaysleave without
prompting. Default is ON.
askbcc If turned on, the prompt Blind-Copies-To: appears
for each message. If askbcc is OFF, you can add a
"bcc" list by ~b in the built-in editor or by
using the header editor. Default is OFF.
askcc If turned off, this allows you to send mail
without being presented the Copies-To: prompt for
each message. This still allows you to explicitly
include addresses in the ``cc'' list via either ~c
in the built-in editor, or via using the screen-
oriented header editor. Default is ON.
autocopy This is a boolean flag, and if set automatically
copies the text of the message you are replying to
into the edit buffer. Default is OFF.
copy This, in combination with the savemail option,
allows you to have silent copies of all outgoing
mail made on the outbound step. Default is OFF.
expand If this flag is on, tabs in your message written
are expanded to spaces. This ensures that your
message is displayed in its original layout when
displayed on a terminal screen having different
tab settings. This flag can be changed without
leaving elm by changing the T)abs-to-spaces field
in o)ption mode. Default is OFF.
forms This allows you to mail forms. Default is OFF.
keep By default, the mail system deletes mailboxes when
you have removed everything from them. With this
option ON, it instead preserves them as zero-
length files. Default is OFF.
keypad If on, this tells elm that you have an HP terminal
and enables the Next, Prev, Home, and Shift-Home
keys. Default is ON.
menus If turned off, this inhibits the menu display on
all elm program screen displays. Default is ON.
movepage If enabled, commands that move through the mailbox
by pages (the + and - keys) also move the current
message pointer to the top of that page of
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messages. If turned off, moving through the pages
does not alter the current message pointer
location. Default is OFF.
names Show only the user names when expanding aliases,
rather than the name and electronic mail address
on the To: field when sending mail. Default is
OFF.
noheader This tells the mailer not to include the headers
of messages when copying a message into a file
buffer for replying to or forwarding. Default is
ON.
pointnew If this is turned on, the mailer is automatically
pointing to the first new message in your mailbox
when started, instead of at message #1. This is
only used for the incoming mailbox since other
mailboxes are assumed not to have `new' and `old'
mail. Default is ON.
resolve If this option is enabled, as soon as mail is
`dealt with', elm moves to the next message in the
mailbox, after deletion, undeletion, saving a
message, or forwarding a message. Default is ON.
savename When the user saves the messages, elm constructs
the filename from the login name of the person who
sent the message rather than savemail value.
Similarly, when sending mail out, instead of just
blindly saving it to the savemail file, elm first
tries to save it to a file based on the login name
of the person who is to receive the mail. If the
needed outbound mail file does not already exist,
the message is saved in the savemail file.
Default is ON.
skipdeleted If this flag is on, current message pointer skips
the message with deleted flag D when the j or k
command is used. If J or K is used, flagged
messages are not skipped. Default is OFF.
softkeys If on, this tells elm to recognize HP2622 terminal
function-key protocol when interacting with your
terminal. Default is ON.
titles Used with the flag weed, this flag allows you to
have the first line of a message titled with:
Message N/M from username date at time
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where all the information has been previously
extracted from the message. Default is ON.
warnings elm normally warns you when you send mail to a
machine that cannot be directly accessed. Setting
this flag allows you to disable such warning
messages. Default is ON.
weed This is a boolean flag that, in combination with
the weedout list, allows you to custom define the
set of headers you would like to not have
displayed while reading messages. Default is ON.
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
Environment Variables
LANG determines the language in which messages are displayed.
When set, the TMPDIR environment variable specifies a directory to be
used for temporary files, overriding the default directory /tmp.
International Code Set Support
Single- and multi-byte character code sets are supported.
EXAMPLES
To send a message without loading the main elm mail-processing
program, use the simple command form consisting of the name of the
program followed by the recipient's login name and optional address.
elm prompts for Subject, Copies, and Blind-Copies, then starts an
editor so you can compose the message (user responses are in boldface
type):
$ elm j_doe
To: doe (John Doe)
Subject: this is a test
Copies To: [Return]
Blind-Copies To: [Return]
...invokes editor, message composed, then...
Your options now are:
S)end the message, E)dit it again, change/add H)eaders or F)orget
it
What is your choice? s
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mail sent!
To send files or output from commands by use of command-line
redirection, use command resembling:
$ elm j_doe < help.c
Which reads file help.c and transmits it to the specified recipient.
To add a subject line to the message, use -s subject in the command
line:
$ elm -s "File help.c transmission" j_doe < help.c
WARNINGS
Using two separate mail programs to access the same mail file
simultaneously (usually inadvertently from two separate windows) can
cause unpredictable results.
AUTHOR
elm was developed by Hewlett-Packard Company.
FILES
/usr/mail directory for incoming mail
(mode 755, group ID mail)
/usr/mail/username.lock lock for mail directory
/usr/mail/username incoming mailbox for user.
(mode 660, group ID mail)
/usr/lib/nls/C/elm.cat location of the message
catalogue
$HOME/.elm directory for elm
$HOME/.elm/elmrc personal customized file
$HOME/.elm/elmheaders contents of additional headers
/usr/lib/elm/elm_help.0 help file for main screen
/usr/lib/elm/elm_help.1 help file for alias screen
/usr/lib/elm/elm_help.2 help file for option screen
/usr/lib/elm/elmrc-info comment file for .elm/elmrc
file
/usr/mail/.elm directory for elm mailer
system aliases
/usr/mail/.elm/aliases.hash system alias hash table
/usr/mail/.elm/aliases.data system alias data table
/usr/mail/.elm/aliases.text system alias text file
$HOME/.elm/aliases.hash user alias hash table
$HOME/.elm/aliases.data user alias data table
$HOME/.elm/aliases.text user alias text file
/tmp/snd.pid and sndh.pid outgoing mail edit buffer
/tmp/form.pid editor buffer for form message
/tmp/print.pid temporary file for printing
message
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/tmp/alias.pid temporary file for deleting
alias
$HOME/.elm/readmail used by readmail
/tmp/mbox.logname temporary mbox for user
logname
$HOME/Cancelled.mail cancelled message of non-
interactive use.
SEE ALSO
elmalias(1), mailfrom(1), newmail(1), readmail(1), vi(1).
Hewlett-Packard Company - 17 - HP-UX Release 9.0: August 1992