HPUX vi[1]
vi(1) vi(1)
NAME
vi - screen-oriented (visual) display editor
SYNOPSIS
vi [-] [-v] [-r] [-R] [+command] [-l] [-t tag] [-V] [-wsize] [-x] [file
...]
view [-] [-v] [-r] [-R] [+command] [-l] [-t tag] [-V] [-wsize] [-x]
[file ...]
vedit [-] [-v] [-r] [-R] [+command] [-l] [-t tag] [-V] [-wsize] [-x]
[file ...]
DESCRIPTION
vi (visual) is a display-oriented text editor that is based on the
underlying ex line editor (see ex(1)). It is possible to switch back
and forth between the two, and to execute ex commands from within vi.
When using vi, the terminal screen acts as a window into the file
being edited. Changes made to the file are reflected in the screen
display; the position of the cursor on the screen indicates the
position within the file.
The environment variable TERM must give the terminal type, and the
terminal must be defined in the terminfo(4) database. As with ex,
editor initialization scripts can be placed in the environment
variable EXINIT, or in the file .exrc in the current or home
directory.
The view invocation is identical to vi except that the readonly editor
option is set.
vedit is intended for beginners. It sets the report editor option to
1, and sets the showmode and novice editor options. Otherwise it is
the same as vi. These settings help make it easier for some beginners
to learn the editor.
Options
vi recognizes the following command-line options:
- Suppress all interactive user feedback. This is
useful in processing editor scripts.
-v Invoke vi (this option is intended for use with
ex, and has no effect on vi).
-r Recover file(s) after an editor or system crash.
If no file is specified, a list of all saved files
is printed. You must be owner of the saved file
in order to recover it (super-user cannot recover
files owned by other users).
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-R Set "read-only" mode to prevent overwriting the
file inadvertently.
+command Begin editing by executing the specified ex search
or positioning command.
-l lisp mode; indents appropriately for lisp code;
the (), {}, [[, and ]] commands in vi are modified
to have meaning for lisp.
-t tag Edit the file containing tag, and position the
editor at its definition (see the tag command in
ex(1) and ctags(1)).
-V Verbose mode; editor commands are displayed as
they are executed when input from a .exrc file or
a source file (see the source command in ex(1)).
-wsize Set the value of the window editor option to size.
-x Encryption mode; the user is prompted for a key to
allow for the creation or editing of an encrypted
file (see the crypt command in ex (1)).
See ex(1) for the complete description of ex. Only the visual mode of
the editor is described here.
When invoked, vi is in command mode; input mode is initiated by
several commands used to insert or change text. In input mode, ESC
(escape) is used to leave input mode; however, two consecutive ESC
characters are required to leave input mode if the doubleescape editor
option is set (see ex(1)). In command mode, ESC is used to cancel a
partial command; the terminal bell sounds if the editor is not in
input mode and there is no partially entered command.
The last (bottom) line of the screen is used to echo the input for
search commands (/ and ?), ex commands (:), and system commands (!).
It is also used to report errors or print other messages.
Receipt of SIGINT during text input or during the input of a command
on the bottom line terminates the input (or cancels the command) and
returns the editor to command mode. During command mode, SIGINT
causes the bell to be sounded; in general the bell indicates an error
(such as an unrecognized key).
Lines displayed on the screen containing only a ~ indicate that the
last line above them is the last line of the file (the ~ lines are
past the end of the file). Terminals with limited local intelligence
might display lines on the screen marked with an @: these indicate
space on the screen not corresponding to lines in the file. (These
lines can be removed by entering a ^R, forcing the editor to retype
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the screen without these holes.)
If the system crashes or vi aborts due to an internal error or
unexpected signal, vi attempts to preserve the buffer if any unwritten
changes were made. Use the -r command line option to retrieve the
saved changes.
vi supports the SIGWINCH signal, and redraws the screen in response to
window-size changes.
Command Summary
Most commands accept a preceding number as an argument, either to give
a size or position (for display or movement commands), or as a repeat
count (for commands that change text). For simplicity, this optional
argument is referred to as count when its effect is described.
The following operators can be followed by a movement command to
specify an extent of text to be affected: c, d, y, <, >, !, and =.
The region specified begins at the current cursor position and ends
just prior to the cursor position indicated by the move. If the
command operates on lines only, all the lines that fall partly or
wholly within this region are affected. Otherwise the exact marked
region is affected.
In the following listing, control characters are indicated in the form
^X, which represents Ctrl-X. White space is defined to be the
characters space, tab, and alternative space. Alternative space is
the first character of the langinfo(3C) ALT_PUNCT item for the
language specified by the LANG environment variable (see environ(5)).
Unless otherwise specified, the commands are interpreted in command
mode and have no special effect in input mode.
^B Scroll backward to display the previous window of
text. A count specifies the number of windows to go
back. Two lines of overlap are kept if possible.
^D Scroll forward a half-window of text. A count gives
the number of (logical) lines to scroll, and is
remembered for future ^D and ^U commands.
In input mode, ^D backs shiftwidth spaces over the
indentation provided by autoindent or ^T. White
space inserted by ^T at other than the beginning of a
line cannot be backed over using ^D. A ^ followed by
a ^D removes all indentation (for the current and
subsequent input lines of the current input mode)
until new indentation is established by inserting
leading white space, either by direct input or by
using ^T.
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^E Scroll forward one line, leaving the cursor where it
is if possible.
^F Scroll forward to display the window of text
following the current one. A count specifies the
number of windows to advance. Two lines of overlap
are kept if possible.
^G Print the current file name and other information,
including the number of lines and the current
position (equivalent to the ex command f).
^H Move one space to the left (stops at the left
margin). A count specifies the number of spaces to
back up (same as h).
In input mode, ^H returns the cursor to the last
input character without erasing it.
^J Move the cursor down one line in the same column. A
count specifies the number of lines to move down
(same as ^N and j).
^L Clear and redraw the screen (use when the screen is
scrambled for any reason).
^M Move to the first non-whitespace character in the
next line. A count specifies the number of lines to
advance.
^N Same as ^J and j.
^P Move the cursor up one line in the same column. A
count specifies the number of lines to move up (same
as k).
^R Redraw the current screen, eliminating the false
lines marked with @ (which do not correspond to
actual lines in the file).
^T In input mode, ^T inserts shiftwidth white space. If
at the beginning of the line, this inserted space can
only be backed over using ^D.
^U Scroll up a half-window of text. A count gives the
number of (logical) lines to scroll, and is
remembered for future ^D and ^U commands.
^V In input mode, ^V quotes the next character to permit
the insertion of special characters (including ESC)
into the file.
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^W In input mode, ^W backs up one word; the deleted
characters remain on the display.
^Y Scroll backward one line, leaving the cursor where it
is, if possible.
^[ Cancel a partially formed command; ^[ sounds the bell
if there is no partially formed command.
In input mode, ^[ terminates input mode. However,
two consecutive ESC characters are required to
terminate input mode if the doubleescape editor
option is set (see ex(1)).
When entering a command on the bottom line of the
screen (ex command line or search pattern with \ or
?), terminate input and execute command.
On many terminals, ^[ can be entered by pressing the
ESC or ESCAPE key.
^\ Exit vi and enter ex command mode. If in input mode,
terminate the input first.
^] Take the word after the cursor as a tag and execute
the tag editor command (see ex(1)).
^^ Return to the previous file (equivalent to :ex #).
space Move one space to the right (stops at the end of the
line). A count specifies the number of spaces to go
forward (same as l).
erase Erase, where erase is the user-designated erase
character (see stty(1)). Same as ^H.
kill Kill, where kill is the user-designated kill
character (see stty(1)). In input mode, kill backs
up to the beginning of the current input line without
erasing the line from the screen display.
susp Suspend the editor session and return to the calling
shell, where susp is the user-designated process-
control suspend character (see stty(1)). See ex(1)
for more information on the suspend editor command.
! An operator that passes specified lines from the
buffer as standard input to the specified system
command, and replaces those lines with the standard
output from the command. The ! is followed by a
movement command specifying the lines to be passed
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(lines from the current position to the end of the
movement) and then the command (terminated as usual
by a return). A count preceding the ! is passed on
to the movement command after !.
Doubling ! and preceding it by count causes that many
lines, starting with the current line, to be passed.
" Use to precede a named buffer specification. There
are named buffers 1 through 9 in which the editor
places deleted text. The named buffers a through z
are available to the user for saving deleted or
yanked text; see also y, below.
$ Move to the end of the current line. A count
specifies the number of lines to advance (for
example, 2$ causes the cursor to advance to the end
of the next line).
% Move to the parenthesis or brace that matches the
parenthesis or brace at the current cursor position.
& Same as the ex command & (that is, & repeats the
previous substitute command).
' When followed by a ', vi returns to the previous
context, placing the cursor at the beginning of the
line. (The previous context is set whenever a non-
relative move is made.) When followed by a letter a-
z, returns to the line marked with that letter (see
the m command), at the first non-whitespace character
in the line.
When used with an operator such as d to specify an
extent of text, the operation takes place over
complete lines (see also `).
` When followed by a `, vi returns to the previous
context, placing the cursor at the character position
marked (the previous context is set whenever a non-
relative move is made). When followed by a letter a
z, returns to the line marked with that letter (see
the m command), at the character position marked.
When used with an operator such as d to specify an
extent of text, the operation takes place from the
exact marked place to the current position within the
line (see also ').
[[ Back up to the previous section boundary. A section
is defined by the value of the sections option.
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Lines that start with a formfeed (^L character) or {
also stop [[.
If the option lisp is set, the cursor stops at each (
at the beginning of a line.
]] Move forward to a section boundary (see [[).
^ Move to the first non-whitespace position on the
current line.
( Move backward to the beginning of a sentence. A
sentence ends at a ., !, or ? followed by either the
end of a line or by two spaces. Any number of
closing ), ], " and ' characters can appear between
the ., !, or ? and the spaces or end of line. If a
count is specified, the cursor moves back the
specified number of sentences.
If the lisp option is set, the cursor moves to the
beginning of a lisp s-expression. Sentences also
begin at paragraph and section boundaries (see { and
[[).
) Move forward to the beginning of a sentence. If a
count is specified, the cursor advances the specified
number of sentences (see ().
{ Move back to the beginning of the preceding
paragraph. A paragraph is defined by the value of
the paragraphs option. A completely empty line and a
section boundary (see [[ above) are also interpreted
as the beginning of a paragraph. If a count is
specified, the cursor moves backward the specified
number of paragraphs.
} Move forward to the beginning of the next paragraph.
If a count is specified, the cursor advances the
specified number of paragraphs (see {).
| Requires a preceding count; the cursor moves to the
specified column of the current line (if possible).
+ Move to the first non-whitespace character in the
next line. If a count is specified, the cursor
advances the specified number of lines (same as ^M).
, The comma (,) performs the reverse action of the last
f, F, t, or T command issued, by searching in the
opposite direction on the current line. If a count
is specified, the cursor repeats the search the
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specified number of times.
- The hyphen character (-) moves the cursor to the
first non-whitespace character in the previous line.
If a count is specified, the cursor moves back the
specified number of times.
_ The underscore character (_) moves the cursor to the
first non-whitespace character in the current line.
If a count is specified, the cursor advances the
specified number of lines, with the current line
being counted as the first line; no count or a count
of 1 specifies the current line.
. Repeat the last command that changed the buffer. If
a count is specified, the command is repeated the
specified number of times.
/ Read a string from the last line on the screen,
interpret it as a regular expression, and scan
forward for the next occurrence of a matching string.
The search begins when the user types a carriage
return to terminate the pattern; the search can be
terminated by sending SIGINT (or the user-designated
interrupt character).
When used with an operator to specify an extent of
text, the defined region begins with the current
cursor position and ends at the beginning of the
matched string. Entire lines can be specified by
giving an offset from the matched line (by using a
closing / followed by a +n or -n).
0 Move to the first character on the current line (the
0 is not interpreted as a command when preceded by a
non-zero digit).
: The colon character (:) begins an ex command. The :
and the entered command are echoed on the bottom
line; the ex command is executed when the user types
a carriage return.
; Repeat the last single character find using f, F, t,
or T. If a count is specified, the search is
repeated the specified number of times.
< An operator that shifts lines to the left by one
shiftwidth. The < can be followed by a move to
specify lines. A count is passed through to the move
command.
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When repeated (<<), shifts the current line (or count
lines starting at the current one).
> An operator that shifts lines right one shiftwidth
(see <).
= If the lisp option is set, = reindents the specified
lines, as if they were typed in with lisp and
autoindent set. Can be preceded by a count to
indicate how many lines to process, or followed by a
move command for the same purpose.
? Scan backwards, the reverse of / (see /).
@buffer Execute the commands stored in the named buffer. Be
careful not to include a <return> character at the
end of the buffer contents unless the <return> is
part of the command stream. Commands to be executed
in ex mode should be preceded by a colon (:).
~ The tilde (~) switches the case of the character
under the cursor (if it is a letter), then moves one
character to the right, stopping at the end of the
line). A count specifies how many characters from
the current line are switched.
A Append at the end of line (same as $a).
B Back up one word, where a word is any non-blank
sequence, placing the cursor at the beginning of the
word. If a count is specified, the cursor moves back
the specified number of words.
C Change the rest of the text on the current line (same
as c$).
D Delete the rest of the text on the current line (same
as d$).
E Move forward to the end of a word, where a word is
any non-blank sequence. If a count is specified, the
cursor advances the specified number of words.
F Must be followed by a single character; scans
backwards in the current line, searching for that
character and moving the cursor to it, if found. If
a count is specified, the search is repeated the
specified number of times.
G Go to the line number given as preceding argument, or
the end of the file if no preceding count is given.
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H Move the cursor to the top line on the screen. If a
count is given, the cursor moves to count number of
lines from the top of the screen. The cursor is
placed on the first non-whitespace character on the
line. If used as the target of an operator, entire
lines are affected.
I Insert at the beginning of a line (same as ^ followed
by i).
J Join the current line with the next one, supplying
appropriate white space: one space between words, two
spaces after a period, and no spaces at all if the
first character of the next line is a closing
parenthesis ()). A count causes the specified number
of lines to be joined, instead of two.
L Move the cursor to the first non-whitespace character
of the last line on the screen. If a count is given,
the cursor moves to count number of lines from the
bottom of the screen. When used with an operator,
entire lines are affected.
M Move the cursor to the middle line on the screen, at
the first non-whitespace position on the line.
N Scan for the next match of the last pattern given to
/ or ?, but in the opposite direction; this is the
reverse of n.
O Open a new line above the current line and enter
input mode.
P Put back (replace) the last deleted or yanked text
before/above the cursor. Entire lines of text are
returned above the cursor if entire lines were
deleted or yanked. Otherwise, the text is inserted
just before the cursor.
The P can be preceded by a named buffer specification
("x), to retrieve the contents of the buffer.
Q Exit vi and enter ex command mode.
R Replace characters on the screen with characters
entered, until the input is terminated with ESC.
S Change entire lines (same as cc). A count changes
the specified number of lines.
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T Must be followed by a single character; scan
backwards in the current line for that character,
and, if found, place the cursor just after that
character. A count is equivalent to repeating the
search the specified number of times.
U Restore the current line to its state before the
cursor was last moved to it.
W Move forward to the beginning of a word in the
current line, where a word is a sequence of non-blank
characters. A count specifies the number of words to
advance.
X Delete the character before the cursor. A count
repeats the effect, but only characters on the
current line are deleted.
Y Place (yank) a copy of the current line into the
unnamed buffer (same as yy). If a count is
specified, count lines are copied to the buffer. If
the Y is preceded by a buffer name, the lines are
copied to the named buffer.
ZZ Exit the editor, writing out the buffer if it was
changed since the last write (same as the ex command
x). Note that if the last write was to a different
file and no changes have occurred since, the editor
exits without writing out the buffer.
a Enter input mode, appending the entered text after
the current cursor position. A count causes the
inserted text to be replicated the specified number
of times, but only if the inserted text is all on one
line.
b Back up to the previous beginning of a word in the
current line. A word is a sequence of alphanumerics
or a sequence of special characters. A count repeats
the effect.
c Must be followed by a movement command. Delete the
specified region of text, and enter input mode to
replace deleted text with new text. If more than
part of a single line is affected, the deleted text
is saved in the numeric buffers. If only part of the
current line is affected, the last character deleted
is marked with a $. A count is passed through to the
move command. If the command is cc, the entire
current line is changed.
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d Must be followed by a movement command. Delete the
specified region of text. If more than part of a
line is affected, the text is saved in the numeric
buffers. A count is passed through to the move
command. If the command is dd, the entire current
line is deleted.
e Move forward to the end of the next word, defined as
for b. A count repeats the effect.
f Must be followed by a single character; scan the rest
of the current line for that character, and moves the
cursor to it if found. A count repeats the action
that many times.
h Move the cursor one character to the left (same as
^H). A count repeats the effect.
i Enter input mode, inserting the entered text before
the cursor (see a).
j Move the cursor one line down in the same column
(same as ^J and ^N).
k Move the cursor one line up (same as ^P).
l Move the cursor one character to the right (same as
<space>).
m Must be followed by a single lowercase ASCII letter
x; mark the current position of the cursor with that
letter. The exact position on the marked line is
referred to by `x; the marked line is referred to by
'x.
n Repeat the last / or ? scanning commands.
o Open a line below the current line and enter input
mode; otherwise like O.
p Put text after/below the cursor; otherwise like P.
r Must be followed by a single character; the character
under the cursor is replaced by the specified one.
(The new character can be a new-line.) If r is
preceded by a count, count characters are replaced by
the specified character.
s Delete the single character under the cursor and
enter input mode; the entered text replaces the
deleted character. A preceding count specifies how
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many characters on the current line are changed. The
last character being changed is marked with a $, as
for c.
t Must be followed by a single character; scan the
remainder of the line for that character. The cursor
moves to the column prior to the character if the
character is found. A count is equivalent to
repeating the search count times.
u Reverse the last change made to the current buffer.
If repeated, u alternates between these two states;
thus is its own inverse. When used after an
insertion of text on more than one line, the lines
are saved in the numerically named buffers.
w Move forward to the beginning of the next word (where
word is defined as in b). A count specifies how many
words the cursor advances.
x Delete the single character under the cursor. When x
is preceded by a count, x deletes the specified
number of characters forward from the cursor
position, but only on the current line.
y Must be followed by a movement command; the specified
text is copied (yanked) into the unnamed temporary
buffer. If preceded by a named buffer specification,
"x, the text is placed in that buffer also. If the
command is yy, the entire current line is yanked.
z Redraw the screen with the current line placed as
specified by the following options: z<return>
specifies the top of the screen, z. the center of the
screen, and z- the bottom of the screen. The
commands z^ and z+ are similar to ^B and ^F,
respectively. However, z^ and z+ do not attempt to
maintain two lines of overlap. A count can be given
after the z and before the following character to
specify the number of lines displayed in the redrawn
screen. A count before the z gives the number of the
line to use as the reference line instead of the
default current line.
Keyboard Editing Keys
At initialization, the editor automatically maps some terminal
keyboard editing keys to equivalent visual mode commands. These
mappings are only established for keys that are listed in the
following table and defined in the terminfo(4) database as valid for
the current terminal (as specified by the TERM environment variable).
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Both command and input mode mappings are created (see the map command
in ex(1)). With the exception of the insert char keys, which simply
toggle input mode on and off, the input mode mappings exit input mode,
perform the same action as the command mode mapping, and then reenter
input mode.
On certain terminals, the character sequence sent by a keyboard
editing key, which is then mapped to a visual mode command, can be the
same character sequence a user might enter to perform another command
or set of commands. This is most likely to happen with the input mode
mappings; therefore, on these terminals, the input mode mappings are
disabled by default. Users can override the disabling and enabling of
both the command and input mode keyboard editing key mappings by
setting the keyboardedit and keyboardedit! editor options as
appropriate (see ex(1)). The timeout, timeoutlen, and doubleescape
editor options are alternative methods of addressing this problem.
center tab(;); lB lB lB lB lB lB lB lB lB lB lf4p+1 lf4p+1 lf4p+1
lf4p+1 l. terminfo;command;input;map name;description entry;mode
map;mode map _ key_ic;i;^[;inschar;insert char
key_eic;i;^[;inschar;end insert char key_up;k;^[ka;up;arrow up
key_down;j;^[ja;down;arrow down key_left;h;^[ha;left;arrow left
key_right;l;^[la;right;arrow right key_home;H;^[Ha;home;arrow home
key_il;o^[;^[o^[a;insline;insert line key_dl;dd;^[dda;delline;delete
line key_clear;^L;^[^La;clear;clear screen
key_eol;d$;^[d$a;clreol;clear line key_sf;^E;^[^Ea;scrollf;scroll down
key_dc;x;^[xa;delchar;delete char key_npage;^F;^[^Fa;npage;next page
key_ppage;^B;^[^Ba;ppage;previous page key_sr;^Y;^[^Ya;sr;scroll up
key_eos;dG;^[dGa;clreos;clear to end of screen
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
Environment Variables
LC_COLLATE determines the collating sequence used in evaluating
regular expressions and in processing the tags file.
LC_CTYPE determines the interpretation of text as single and/or
multi-byte characters, the classification of characters as uppercase
or lowercase letters, the shifting of letters between uppercase and
lowercase, and the characters matched by character class expressions
in regular expressions.
LANG determines the language in which messages are displayed.
LANGOPTS specifies options determining how text for right-to-left
languages is stored in input and output files. See environ(5).
If LC_COLLATE or LC_CTYPE is not specified in the environment or is
set to the empty string, the value of LANG is used as a default for
each unspecified or empty variable. If LANG is not specified or is
set to the empty string, a default of "C" (see lang(5)) is used
instead of LANG. If any internationalization variable contains an
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invalid setting, the editor behaves as if all internationalization
variables are set to "C". See environ(5).
International Code Set Support
Single- and multi-byte character code sets are supported.
WARNINGS
See warnings in ex(1).
Program Limits
vi places the following limits on files being edited:
Maximum Line Length
LINE_MAX characters (defined in <limits.h>), including 2-3
bytes for overhead. Thus, if LINE_MAX is 2048, containing
up to 2044 characters should cause no problem.
If loading files containing lines longer than the stated
limit, lines are truncated to the stated maximum length. If
the file is stored back in the original file, truncated
information is lost.
Attempting to create lines longer than allowable maximum
from the editor produces a line too long error message.
Maximum File Size
Maximum file length of 250000 lines is silently enforced.
Other limits:
o 256 characters per global command list.
o 128 characters in a filename in vi or ex open mode.
On short-filename HP-UX systems, maximum filename
length is 14 characters.
o 128 characters in previous insert/delete buffer.
o 100 characters in a shell-escape command.
o 63 characters in a string-valued option (:set
command).
o 30 characters in a program tag name.
o 32 or fewer macros defined by map command.
o 512 or fewer characters total in combined map
macros.
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AUTHOR
vi was developed by the University of California, Berkeley. The 16-
bit extensions to vi are based in part on software of the Toshiba
Corporation.
SEE ALSO
ex(1), edit(1), expreserve(1), terminfo(4), environ(5), lang(5),
regexp(5).
The Ultimate Guide to the vi and ex Text Editors, Benjamin Cummings
Publishing Co., Inc., ISBN 0-8053-4460-8, HP stock number 97005-90015.
STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
vi: SVID2, XPG2, XPG3
Hewlett-Packard Company - 16 - HP-UX Release 9.0: August 1992